Cholesterol. Cholesterol is listed under the fat information - it's usually measured in milligrams. Cholesterol is important in producing vitamin D, some hormones, and in building many other important substances in the body. Cholesterol can become a problem if the amount in the blood is too high, though. This can increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis, a blockage and hardening of arteries that can lead to a heart attack or stroke.  Most of the cholesterol a person needs is manufactured by that person's liver. However, dietary sources such as meat and poultry, eggs, and whole-milk dairy products, also contribute to a person's cholesterol level.

Sodium. Sodium, a component of salt, is listed on the Nutrition Facts label in milligrams. Small amounts of sodium are necessary for keeping proper body fluid balance. Sodium also helps with the transmission of electrical signals through nerves. Too much sodium can contribute to high blood pressure. Almost all foods naturally contain small amounts of sodium. Sodium also adds flavor and helps preserve food. Many processed foods contain greater amounts of sodium.

Total Carbohydrate. This number, listed in grams, combines several types of carbohydrates: dietary fibers, sugars, and other carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the most abundant source of calories. Up to 60% of a child's total calories should come from carbohydrates. The best sources of carbohydrates are whole-grain cereals and breads and brown rice. Other sources include pastas, fruits, and vegetables.

Dietary Fiber. Listed under total carbohydrate, dietary fiber itself has no calories and is a necessary part of a healthy diet. High-fiber diets promote bowel regularity, may help reduce the risk of colon cancer, and can help reduce cholesterol levels.

Sugars. Also listed under total carbohydrate on food labels, sugars are found in most foods. Fruits contain simple sugars but also contain fiber, water, and vitamins, which make them a healthy choice, too. Snack foods, candy, and soda, on the other hand, often have large amounts of added sugars. Although carbohydrates have just 4 calories per gram, the high sugar content in soft drinks and snack foods means the calories can add up quickly, and these "empty calories" usually contain few other nutrients.

Protein. This listing tells you how much protein is in a single serving of a food and is usually measured in grams. Most of the body - including muscles, skin, and the immune system - is made up of protein. If the body doesn't get enough fat and carbohydrates, it can use protein for energy. Foods high in protein include eggs, meat, poultry, fish, milk, cheese, yogurt, nuts, soybeans, and dried beans. Anywhere from 10% to 20% of the calories that a child consumes each day should come from protein.